WASHINGTON — With any luck, the second half of this year will be better than the so-far rocky first half. The Federal Reserve chief hopes that is the case. So does President Bush.

For the rest of us mere mortals, it feels like the pain is getting worse.

When the economy begins to snap out of its funk, how will we know?

Like calling a recession, pinpointing the turnaround can be as much art as science. Economists agree there could be some strong signals to look for, however: A calmer stock market, an end to falling home prices and more jobs being created.

We're not there yet.

The economy by all accounts is suffering through difficult times, although some economists have backed off their recession talk. Economic growth has slowed sharply and employers have cut jobs for four months in a row as problems in housing, credit and financial markets forced skittish people and businesses alike to hunker down.

Even though a Labor Department report yesterday showed the number of newly laid off workers filing for unemployment benefits dropped last week to the lowest level in a month, claims remain high enough to indicate the labor market is sluggish.

Still, there's hope that the economy's growth will begin picking up later this year.

Experts will be looking at a variety of barometers to mark the arrival of a rebound, but it's by no means definitive or foolproof.

STOCK MARKET CALMER

One important indicator is the stock market. The turbulence that has engulfed Wall Street since last summer and hit a crisis point with the near collapse of investment firm Bear Stearns, has calmed somewhat, but the situation is still "far from normal," Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke recently observed.

The Dow Jones industrial average, for instance, has clawed its way out of a recent bottom — of 11,740.15 — hit in March. However, the index hovering just under 13,000 is well below its peak of 14,087.55 set in early October of last year. Financial markets remain fragile.

Investors are looking ahead — at the economy's prospects and individual businesses — when they make investment decisions and are buying or selling stocks.

"The canary in the coal mine is really financial markets," said Sung Won Sohn, an economics professor at California State University. "The stock market recovery almost always precedes the economic recovery by about six months or so. The exception was in the 2001 recession. Because of the dot.com crisis, the stock market was so badly battered it took a while for it to get back to full speed," Sohn said.

In the current bout of economic troubles, though, fallout from the two-year-old housing collapse and subsequent credit and financial problems has driven the pullback by consumers, businesses and Wall Street.

That's why economists — this time around — will be looking for signs of stabilization in the housing market. Specifically, house prices will have to stop falling or at least decline at a slower pace in many parts of the country. As many Americans have watched their single-biggest asset — their home— shrink in value, they have become much more cautious in the spending, contributing to the economy's slowdown.

On Thursday, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight said U.S. home prices fell 3.1 percent year-over-year in the first quarter, the largest drop in the 17-year history of tracking the data.

House-price improvements also are important to a return to stability because house prices figure into the value of a host of securities, such as mortgage securities and derivatives.

Improving house prices also would ripple through credit markets, making lenders more willing to make loans to people and businesses. That, in turn, would help bolster confidence in financial markets, economists said.

"Until the housing and credit markets improve, businesses and consumers will be doubting Thomases — there is no question," said Brian Bethune, economist at Global Insight.

HOUSING OUTLOOK

Forecasters at the National Association for Business Economics believe the worst of the housing slump and the credit crunch might end this year. The forecasters are hopeful that home sales will hit bottom this year. House prices, though, are still expected to drop this year and next. Some predict house prices won't turn up until the spring selling season of 2010.

Analysts also will be looking for zooming gasoline and other energy prices to settle down. Gasoline is approaching $4 a gallon on average nationally and oil has blown past $130 a barrel, from $100 at the beginning of the year. An easing of high food and other commodity prices also would be welcomed. High prices, especially for energy, are taking a bite out of paychecks, undermining consumer purchasing power, and putting a squeeze on businesses' profits.

Unlike the recessions in 2001 and 1990-1991, people, more so than businesses, are bearing the brunt of the economy's current woes.

"It is almost unprecedented in the post World War II period to have a recession be driven by a pullback in consumer spending, versus a pullback in business spending," said Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody's www.Economy.com. "This one is unique in that sense. Businesses are pulling back but they are more reacting to consumers." He's among those in the recession camp.

U.S. households are more in debt and under greater pressure to restrain spending. Zandi said the share of households' after-tax income that goes to serving their financial obligations was 19.3 percent in 2007. That was up from 17.9 percent in 2000 and 17.2 percent in 1989 — the years preceding the last two recessions.

In contrast, a debt-burden measure for nonfinancial businesses shows that 10 percent of their cash flow is going to interest payments on debt, Zandi said. That's down from around 25 percent in 2001 and 30 percent in the 1990-1991 recession, he said.

Against that backdrop, another barometer for economic revival would be a turnaround in sagging consumer confidence. The hope: if people cast off their gloomy mind-set, they'll be more likely to boost spending, which would energize the national economy.

The Fed has been hoping to turn consumer psychology and thus heal the economy through its most aggressive rate-cutting campaign in decades. The Bush administration is counting on those powerful rates reductions along with billions of dollars worth of rebate checks to lift the U.S. out of its slump in the second half of this year.

Even if that second-half rebound happens, businesses are likely to remain cautious in hiring, waiting for signs that any recovery has real staying power. The unemployment rate, now at 5 percent, could rise to 6 percent or higher next year, some economists said.

So the job market needs to get back to full throttle before the economy is truly back on firm footing. After the last two recessions, the country was still losing jobs as the economy struggled to recover.

Some believe the country will experience a "W" shaped recovery. That's where the economy picks up with the help of the stimulus, loses steam as that boost fades and then picks up again in the second half of 2009.